Big, Bigger, Biggest

386 /www/nrich/html/content/01/12/15plus1/ 1 2011-02-01T00:00:01 <mdoxml version="1.0"> Which is the biggest and which the smallest of these numbers? $$2000^{2002} \quad\quad 2001^{2001}\quad\quad 2002^{2000} $$ How do they compare in magnitude?</mdoxml> <mdoxml version="1.0"> Which is the biggest and which the smallest of these numbers and how do they compare in magnitude? $$A = 2000^{2002},\ B = 2001^{2001},\ C = 2002^{2000}$$ This solution comes from Ilham, St. Patrick's College, Wellington, well done and thank you Ilham. First let's define the function floor($x$), where $x$ is a real number, such that floor($x$) = the integer part of $x$. Let $$y = \rm{floor}(\log_a (x)) + 1$$. As a general rule, y will be the number of digits of $x$ in base $a$. If we reverse this, we can say that $x$ is somewhere between $a ^ y$ and $a^{y + 1}$. Another basic rule is $\log_a (b^c) = c\log_a (b)$. If we don't use this rule, the calculation cannot be handled using any standard scientific calculators, as they can't handle calculation with numbers greater than $10^{100}$. If we use these two rules to $A$, $B$ and $C$ in base $10$, it will show that $A$ has $6609$ digits, $B$ has $6606$ digits, and $C$ has $6603$ digits in base 10. Therefore, $A$ is bigger than $B$ which in turn is bigger than $C$. $A$ is the biggest, and $C$ is the smallest. A similar solution uses the fact that the logarithm function is an increasing function so it follows that $$\log A > \log B$$ if and only if $A > B$. Hence $$\log A = 2002 \log 2000 \approx 2002(3.010) \approx 6608.662$$ $$\log B = 2001 \log 2001 \approx 6605.795$$ $$\log C = 2000 \log 2002 \approx 6602.928$$ The approximate difference is given by : $\log A - \log B = \log A/B \approx 3$, hence $A\approx 10^3B$. Similarly $B\approx 10^3C$. Thus $A > B > C.$ Here is Koopa Koo's more general result. Claim: $A > B > C$ Proof: $A > B$ if and only if $\log A > \log B.$ I shall prove $\log A - \log B > 0$ i.e. $2002\log2000 - 2001\log2001 > 0.$ Let $f(x) = (x + 2)\log x - (x+1)\log(x+1)$ so that for example f(2) = 4log2 - 3log3. Differentiating this function, $$f'(x) = (x + 2)/x + \log x - 1 - \log(x + 1) = 2/x -\log[(x+1)/x].$$ This derivative is positive if and only if $e^{2/x}> (x+1)/x.$ Using $e^y > 1 + y$ for all $y$, let $y = 2/x$. We have $e^{2/x}> 1 + 2/x = (x + 2)/x > (x + 1)/x$. So the function f is increasing, in particular, $f(2000) = \log A - \log B > 0$ and it follows that $A > B$. The proof that $B > C$ is similar. </mdoxml> 2 3 0 0 0 0 1 Big, Bigger, Biggest Which is the biggest and which the smallest of these numbers and by how do they compare in magnitude? A = 2000^{2002} B = 2001^{2001} C = 2002^{2000} Algebra Index notation/Indices Sequences, Functions and Graphs Logarithmic functions Using, Applying and Reasoning about Mathematics Mathematical reasoning & proof Algebra Inequality/inequalities Collections epsilons Admin Stage 5 - Reviewed 2012